Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lweshishini leevalvu (1967-1978)
01 Uphuhliso lweshishini luyachaphazeleka
Ukususela ngo-1967 ukuya ku-1978, ngenxa yotshintsho olukhulu kwimeko-bume yoluntu, uphuhliso lweshishini leevalvu nalo luye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu. Iimpawu eziphambili zezi:
1. Ivalvu imveliso inciphile kakhulu, kwaye umgangatho unciphile kakhulu
2. Ivalvu Inkqubo yophando lwezenzululwazi eqale ukubonakala ichaphazelekile
3. Iimveliso zevalvu yoxinzelelo oluphakathi ziya kuba zezexesha elifutshane kwakhona
4. Imveliso engacwangciswanga yeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi yaqala ukubonakala
02 Thatha amanyathelo okwandisa "umgca omfutshane wevalvu"
Umgangatho weemveliso kwiivalvuIshishini liye lehla kakhulu, kwaye emva kokusekwa kweemveliso zeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi zexesha elifutshane, urhulumente ulubona lubaluleke kakhulu olu. I-Heavy and General Bureau yoMphathiswa Wokuqala Wezoomatshini yaseka iqela leevalvu eliza kujongana notshintsho lobuchwephesha kwishishini leevalvu. Emva kophando olunzulu nophando, iqela leevalvu labeka phambili "Ingxelo ngeeNgcinga malunga noPhuhliso lweeMilinganiselo zeMveliso yeeValvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi", eyathunyelwa kwiKhomishini yoCwangciso lweSizwe. Emva kophando, kwagqitywa ekubeni kutyalwe ii-yuan ezingama-52 ezigidi kwishishini leevalvu ukuze kwenziwe utshintsho lobuchwephesha ukusombulula ingxaki yokunqongophala okukhulu koxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi.iivalvu kunye nokwehla komgangatho ngokukhawuleza.
1. Iintlanganiso ezimbini zeKaifeng
NgoMeyi 1972, iSebe lokuQala leMishini labamba umhlangano kazwelonkeivalvuIngqungquthela yomsebenzi weshishini eKaifeng City, kwiPhondo laseHenan. Iiyunithi ezili-125 kunye nabameli abali-198 abavela kwiifektri zeevalvu ezingama-88, amaziko ophando lwesayensi kunye noyilo afanelekileyo asi-8, iiofisi zoomatshini zephondo nezikamasipala ezili-13 kunye nabanye abasebenzisi baye kwintlanganiso. Intlanganiso yagqiba ekubeni ibuyisele imibutho emibini yeshishini kunye nenethiwekhi yezobuntlola, yaza yonyula iKaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory kunye neTieling Valve Factory njengeenkokheli zeqela ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi ngokulandelelana, kwaye iHefei General Machinery Research Institute kunye neShenyang Valve Research Institute zazinoxanduva lomsebenzi wenethiwekhi yezobuntlola. Intlanganiso ikwaxoxe kwaye yafunda imiba enxulumene "nokuhlaziywa kathathu", ukuphucula umgangatho wemveliso, uphando lobuchwephesha, ulwahlulo lwemveliso, kunye nokuphuhlisa imisebenzi yeshishini kunye nezobuntlola. Ukususela ngoko, imisebenzi yeshishini kunye nezobuntlola ebiphazamisekile kangangeminyaka emithandathu iqalile kwakhona. La manyathelo adlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukuveliswa kweevalvu kunye nokuguqula imeko yexesha elifutshane.
2. Imisebenzi yombutho we-CV kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi
Emva kweNkomfa yeKaifeng ngo-1972, amaqela oshishino aqala kwakhona imisebenzi yawo. Ngelo xesha, ziifektri ezingama-72 kuphela ezathatha inxaxheba kumbutho woshishino, kwaye iifektri ezininzi zeevalvu zazingekathabathi nxaxheba kumbutho woshishino. Ukuze kuququzelelwe iifektri zeevalvu ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ummandla ngamnye uququzelela imisebenzi yoshishino ngokwahlukeneyo. IShenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, iBeijing Valve Factory, iShanghai Valve Factory, iWuhan Valve Factory,Ifektri yeValve yaseTianjin, iGansu High kunye neMedium Pressure Valve Factory, kunye neZigong High Pressure Valve Factory zinoxanduva lweMimandla yaseMantla-mpuma, eMntla China, eMpuma China, eMbindini eMzantsi, eMntla-ntshona, naseMzantsi-ntshona. Ngeli xesha, ishishini leevalvu kunye nemisebenzi yobukrelekrele yayihlukahlukene kwaye ineziqhamo, kwaye yayithandwa kakhulu kwiifektri ezikushishino. Ngenxa yophuhliso lwemisebenzi yeshishini, ukutshintshiselana rhoqo ngamava, uncedo oluhambelanayo kunye nokufunda ngokuhambelanayo, ayikhuthazi nje kuphela ukuphuculwa komgangatho wemveliso, kodwa ikwaphucula ubunye kunye nobuhlobo phakathi kweefektri ezahlukeneyo, ukuze ishishini leevalvu lenze lonke elimanyeneyo, ngaxeshanye, kunye ngesandla Ukuya phambili, kubonisa imeko ephilayo nekhulayo.
3. Yenza "utshintsho oluthathu" lweemveliso zeevalvu
Ngokuhambelana nomoya weentlanganiso ezimbini zeKaifeng kunye nezimvo ze-Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery, i-General Machinery Research Institute iphinde yalungiselela umsebenzi omkhulu we-valve "uhlaziyo lwesithathu" ngenkxaso esebenzayo yeefektri ezahlukeneyo kushishino. Umsebenzi "wohlaziyo lwesithathu" ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wobugcisa osisiseko, oyindlela esebenzayo yokukhawulezisa utshintsho lwetekhnoloji lwamashishini kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso ze-valve. Iqela elisebenzayo le-valve "uhlaziyo lwesithathu" lisebenza ngokwemigaqo "emine elungileyo" (elula ukuyisebenzisa, elula ukuyakha, elula ukuyilungisa kunye nokuhambelana okuhle) kunye nemigaqo "yokumanyana kwesine" (imodeli, iiparameter zokusebenza, unxibelelwano kunye nobukhulu obupheleleyo, iindawo ezisemgangathweni). Umxholo ophambili womsebenzi uneenkalo ezintathu, enye kukwenza lula iintlobo ezidityanisiweyo; enye kukwenza nokuhlaziya iqela lemigangatho yobugcisa; eyesithathu kukukhetha nokugqiba iimveliso.
4. Uphando lobuchwephesha lukhuthaze uphuhliso lophando lwesayensi
(1) Uphuhliso lwamaqela ophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko zovavanyo Ekupheleni kuka-1969, iGeneral Machinery Research Institute yafuduselwa eHefei isuka eBeijing, kwaye isixhobo sokuqala sovavanyo lokumelana nokugeleza kwamanzi sadilizwa, nto leyo eyachaphazela kakhulu uphando lwezenzululwazi. Ngo-1971, abaphandi bezenzululwazi babuyela kwiqela emva komnye, kwaye ilebhu yophando lwevalvu yanda yaya kubantu abangaphezu kwama-30, kwaye yathunywa lisebe ukuba liququzelele uphando lobuchwephesha. Kwakhiwa ilebhu elula, kwafakwa isixhobo sovavanyo lokumelana nokugeleza kwamanzi, kwaye kwayilwa kwaye kwenziwa oomatshini bovavanyo oluthile, uxinzelelo, ukupakisha kunye nezinye izixhobo, kwaye uphando lobuchwephesha malunga nomphezulu wokuvala iivalvu kunye nokupakisha kwaqala.
(2) Impumelelo ephambili INgqungquthela yaseKaifeng eyabanjwa ngo-1973 yaqulunqa isicwangciso sophando lobuchwephesha kwishishini leevalvu ukususela ngo-1973 ukuya ku-1975, yaza yacebisa iiprojekthi zophando eziphambili ezingama-39. Phakathi kwazo, kukho izinto ezi-8 zokucubungula ubushushu, izinto ezili-16 zomphezulu wokuvala, izinto ezi-6 zokupakisha, into e-1 yesixhobo sombane, kunye nezinto ezi-6 zovavanyo kunye nokusebenza. Kamva, kwiHarbin Welding Research Institute, iWuhan Material Protection Research Institute, kunye neHefei General Machinery Research Institute, kwaqeshwa abasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukuba baququzelele kwaye baququzelele uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, kwaye kwabanjwa iingqungquthela zomsebenzi ezimbini kwiindawo ezisisiseko zeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi ukuze kuqukunjelwe amava, uncedo kunye nokutshintshiselana, kwaye kwaqulunqwa isicwangciso sophando lweendawo ezisisiseko ngo-1976 ngo-1980. Ngemizamo edibeneyo yoshishino lonke, kwenziwe impumelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wophando lobuchwephesha, oye wakhuthaza uphuhliso lophando lwesayensi kwishishini leevalvu. Iziphumo zayo eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
1) Ukubethelela umphezulu wokuvala. Uphando lomphezulu wokuvala lujolise ekusombululeni ingxaki yokuvuza kwangaphakathiivalvuNgelo xesha, izixhobo zokuvala umphezulu zaziyi-20Cr13 kunye ne-12Cr18Ni9, ezazinobunzima obuphantsi, ukumelana nokuguguleka okubi, iingxaki ezinkulu zokuvuza kwangaphakathi kwiimveliso zeevalvu, kunye nobomi benkonzo obufutshane. I-Shenyang Valve Research Institute, i-Harbin Welding Research Institute kunye ne-Harbin Boiler Factory zenze iqela lophando elidibeneyo kathathu. Emva kweminyaka emi-2 yokusebenza nzima, uhlobo olutsha lwezinto zokuvala umphezulu we-chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8) lwaphuhliswa. Ezi zinto zisebenza kakuhle kwinkqubo. Ukumelana okuhle nokukrwela, ubomi benkonzo ende, kwaye akukho nickel kunye ne-chromium encinci, izixhobo zinokusekelwa kwikhaya, emva kovavanyo lobuchwephesha, zixabiseke kakhulu ekunyusweni.
2) Uphando lokuzalisa. Injongo yophando lokupakisha kukusombulula ingxaki yokuvuza kwevalvu. Ngelo xesha, ukupakisha kwevalvu yayikukutyalwa kwe-asbestos kunye ne-asbestos yerabha efakwe ioyile, kwaye ukusebenza kokutywina kwakungaphucukanga, nto leyo eyabangela ukuvuza okukhulu kwevalvu. Ngo-1967, i-General Machinery Research Institute yaququzelela iqela lophando lokuvuza kwangaphandle ukuze liphande ezinye izityalo zeekhemikhali, iindawo zokucoca ioyile kunye nezityalo zamandla, yaze emva koko yenza uphando olusebenzayo lovavanyo lokulwa nokugqwala kwiipakeji kunye neziqu zevalvu.
3) Uvavanyo lokusebenza kwemveliso kunye nophando olusisiseko lwethiyori. Ngelixa kusenziwa uphando lobuchwephesha,imboni yeevalvuKwakhona ndenze uvavanyo lokusebenza kwemveliso ngamandla kunye nophando olusisiseko lwethiyori, kwaye ndafumana iziphumo ezininzi.
5. Yenza utshintsho lwetekhnoloji kumashishini
Emva kweNkomfa kaKaifeng ngo-1973, lonke eli shishini lenza utshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe. Iingxaki eziphambili ezazikho kwishishini leevalvu ngelo xesha: Okokuqala, inkqubo yayibuyela umva, ukuphoswa kwakwenziwe ngesandla ngokupheleleyo, ukuphoswa kwenxalenye enye, kwaye izixhobo zoomatshini ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekusebenzeni ngokubandayo. Kungenxa yokuba iintlobo kunye neenkcukacha zefektri nganye ziphindaphindwe kakhulu, kwaye inani likhulu kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa emva kokusasazwa kwefektri nganye, iqela lemveliso lincinci kakhulu, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kwamandla emveliso. Ukuphendula ezi ngxaki zingasentla, i-Heavy and General Bureau of the First Ministry of Machinery yabeka la manyathelo alandelayo: ukulungelelanisa iifektri zevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi ezikhoyo, ukwenza ucwangciso oludibeneyo, ukwahlulahlula abasebenzi ngokwengqiqo, kunye nokwandisa imveliso yobuninzi; ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, ukuseka imigca yemveliso, kunye nokusebenzisana kwiifektri eziphambili kunye neeblanks. Imigca yemveliso engenanto yentsimbi ephosiweyo emi-4 imiselwe kwindawo yokusebenzela yokuphoswa kwentsimbi, kwaye imigca yemveliso ye-cold processing eli-10 yeenxalenye imiselwe kwiifektri eziphambili ezintandathu; iyonke i-52 yezigidi zeeyuan ityalwe kutshintsho lwetekhnoloji.
(1) Utshintsho kwitekhnoloji yokucubungula ubushushu. Utshintsho kwitekhnoloji yokucubungula ubushushu. Kwinguqu kwitekhnoloji yokucubungula ubushushu, iitekhnoloji ezifana ne-water glass tidal shell mold, isanti enyibilikisiweyo, i-tidal mold kunye ne-precision casting ziye zathandwa. Ukucoca ngokuchanekileyo kunokuphumeza umatshini ongenazitshiphusi okanye ongenazitshiphusi. Ifanelekile kwisango, i-packing gland kunye nomzimba we-valve kunye ne-bonnet yee-valve ezinobukhulu obuncinci, kunye neenzuzo ezicacileyo zoqoqosho. Ngo-1969, iShanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yaqala ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokucoca ngokuchanekileyo kwimveliso yee-valve, kwi-PN16, umzimba we-valve yesango le-DN50,
(2) Utshintsho lobuchwepheshe bokusebenza ngokubandayo Ekuguqulweni kobuchwepheshe bokusebenza ngokubandayo, kusetyenziswa izixhobo zoomatshini ezikhethekileyo kunye nemigca yemveliso kwishishini leevalvu. Kwangowe-1964, iShanghai Valve No. 7 Factory yayila kwaye yavelisa umgca wemveliso we-gate valve body crawler type semi-automatic, ongumgca wokuqala wemveliso we-valve engaphantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi kwishishini leevalvu. Emva koko, iShanghai Valve No. 5 Factory yayila kwaye yavelisa umgca wemveliso we-semi-automatic we-DN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body kunye ne-bonnet ngo-1966.
6. Khulisa ngamandla iintlobo ezintsha kwaye uphucule umgangatho weeseti ezipheleleyo
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zezixhobo ezinkulu ezifana nepetroleum, imboni yeekhemikhali, umbane, imboni yesinyithi kunye ne-petrochemical, imboni yeevalvu iphuhlisa ngamandla iimveliso ezintsha ngaxeshanye notshintsho lwetekhnoloji, oluphucule umgangatho wokuhambelana kweemveliso zeevalvu.
03 Isishwankathelo
Xa ndijonga emva kwiminyaka yoo-1967-1978, uphuhliso lweivalvu Ishishini lakha lachaphazeleka kakhulu. Ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwemizi-mveliso yepetroli, iikhemikhali, umbane, isinyithi kunye namalahle, iivalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi ziye zaba "ziimveliso zexesha elifutshane" okwethutyana. Ngo-1972, umbutho wemizi-mveliso yeevalvu waqala ukuqalisa kwakhona nokwenza imisebenzi. Emva kweengqungquthela ezimbini zaseKaifeng, baqhube ngamandla "utshintsho oluthathu" kunye nomsebenzi wophando lobuchwephesha, beqalisa utshintsho olukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kulo lonke ishishini. Ngo-1975, ishishini leevalvu laqala ukulungiswa, kwaye imveliso yemizi-mveliso yatshintsha yaba ngcono.
Ngo-1973, iKhomishini yoCwangciso lweLizwe yavuma amanyathelo okwakha iziseko zophuhliso ukuze kwandiswe imveliso yoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi.iivalvuEmva kotyalo-mali, imboni yeevalvu yenze utshintsho olunokwenzeka. Ngokusebenzisa utshintsho lwetekhnoloji kunye nokukhuthaza, kuye kwamkelwa ezinye iiteknoloji eziphambili, ukuze umgangatho wokucubungula okubandayo kulo lonke imboni uphuculwe ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye inqanaba lokusetyenziswa koomatshini bokucubungula ubushushu liphuculwe ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Emva kokukhuthazwa kwenkqubo yokudibanisa i-plasma spray, umgangatho wemveliso yeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi uphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye ingxaki "yokuvuza okufutshane kunye nokubini" nayo iphuculwe. Ngokugqitywa nokusebenza kweeprojekthi ezingama-32 zokulinganisa iziseko zophuhliso, imboni yeevalvu yaseTshayina inesiseko esomeleleyo kunye namandla amakhulu emveliso. Ukususela ngo-1970, imveliso yeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi iqhubekile nokukhula. Ukususela ngo-1972 ukuya ku-1975, imveliso inyuke ukusuka kwi-21,284t ukuya kwi-38,500t, kunye nokwanda okune-17,216t kwiminyaka emi-4, okulingana nemveliso yonyaka ngo-1970. Imveliso yonyaka yeevalvu ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi ibizinzile kwinqanaba leetoni ezingama-70,000 ukuya kuma-80,000. Ngeli xesha,ivalvu Imboni iphuhlise iimveliso ezintsha ngamandla, kungekuphela nje iintlobo zeevalvu zenjongo ngokubanzi eziphuhliswe kakhulu, kodwa neevalvu ezikhethekileyo zezikhululo zamandla, imibhobho, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye noshishino lwenyukliya, i-aerospace kunye nezinye iivalvu zenjongo ekhethekileyo nazo ziphuhlisiwe kakhulu. Ukuba iminyaka yoo-1960 yayilixesha lophuhliso olukhulu lweevalvu zenjongo ngokubanzi, ngoko iminyaka yoo-1970 yayilixesha lophuhliso olukhulu lweevalvu zenjongo ekhethekileyo. Amandla okuxhasa asekhayaiivalvu iphuculwe kakhulu, nto leyo ehlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho lwesizwe.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-04-2022
