Isigaba sokuqala soshishino lweevalvu (1949-1959)
01 Lungiselela ukukhonza ukubuyiselwa koqoqosho lwesizwe
Ixesha elisusela kowe-1949 ukuya kowe-1952 yayilixesha lokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo koqoqosho lwesizwe sam. Ngenxa yeemfuno zokwakhiwa koqoqosho, ilizwe lifuna ngokungxamisekileyo inani elikhulu labantuiivalvu, hayi kuphelaiivalvu zoxinzelelo oluphantsi, kodwa kunye neqela leevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi ezazingenziwanga ngelo xesha. Indlela yokucwangcisa imveliso yeevalvu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo zelizwe ngumsebenzi onzima nonzima.
1. Isikhokelo kunye nenkxaso kwimveliso
Ngokuhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo "wokuphuhlisa imveliso, ukukhulisa uqoqosho, ukuthathela ingqalelo zombini urhulumente kunye nabucala, kunye nokuxhamla abasebenzi kunye nemali", urhulumente wabantu usebenzisa indlela yokucubungula kunye noku-odola, kwaye uxhasa ngamandla amashishini abucala kunye namashishini amancinci ukuba avule kwakhona kwaye avelise iivalvu. Ngobusuku bokusekwa kweRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory ekugqibeleni yavala ishishini layo ngenxa yamatyala ayo amakhulu kwaye ingenamakethe yeemveliso zayo, ishiya abasebenzi abasi-7 kuphela ukuba balinde umzi-mveliso, kwaye yathengisa izixhobo zoomatshini ezili-14 ukugcina iindleko. Emva kokusekwa kweNew China, ngenkxaso karhulumente wabantu, umzi-mveliso waphinda waqalisa ukuvelisa, kwaye inani labasebenzi kuloo nyaka landa ukusuka kwi-7 ukuya kwi-96 xa yaqala. Emva koko, umzi-mveliso wamkela ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezivela kwiShenyang Hardware Machinery Company, kwaye imveliso yathatha inkangeleko entsha. Inani labasebenzi landa laya kwi-329, kunye nemveliso yonyaka yeeseti ezingama-610 zeevalvu ezahlukeneyo, ezinexabiso lemveliso eliyi-830,000 yuan. Kwangelo xesha linye eShanghai, kungekuphela nje amashishini abucala awayevelisa iivalvu avulwa kwakhona, kodwa ngokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo koqoqosho lwelizwe, inani elikhulu lamashishini amancinci abucala avuleka okanye atshintshela ekuveliseni iivalvu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umbutho weConstruction Hardware Association ngelo xesha wande ngokukhawuleza.
2. Ukuthenga kunye nokuthengisa okudibeneyo, ququzelela imveliso yevalvu
Njengoko inani elikhulu lamashishini abucala liguqukela ekubeni yimveliso yeevalvu, iShanghai Construction Hardware Association yokuqala ayizange ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso. Ngo-1951, abavelisi beevalvu baseShanghai baseka ii-joint ventures ezi-6 ukuze benze imisebenzi yokucubungula noku-odola iShanghai Purchasing Supply Station of China Hardware Machinery Company, kwaye baqalise ukuthenga nokuthengisa okudibeneyo. Umzekelo, iDaxin Iron Works, ethatha umsebenzi weevalvu ezinkulu ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, kunye neYuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong kunye neLianggong Machinery Factory, ethatha umsebenzi wokuvelisa iivalvu ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi, zonke zixhaswa yiShanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, iSebe leMicimbi yeMpuma China kunye neCentral Fuel. Phantsi kwesikhokelo sePetroleum Administration of the Ministry of Industry, ii-odolo ezithe ngqo ziyaphunyezwa, emva koko ziguqukele kwii-odolo zokucubungula. Urhulumente wabantu uncede amashishini abucala ukuba oyise ubunzima kwimveliso nakwintengiso ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthenga nokuthengisa odibeneyo, ekuqaleni watshintsha isiphithiphithi kwezoqoqosho kumashishini abucala, waza waphucula umdla wokuvelisa wabanini bamashishini nabasebenzi, abasemva kakhulu kubuchwepheshe, izixhobo kunye neemeko zefektri. Phantsi kwezi meko, unikezele ngenani elikhulu leemveliso zevalvu kumashishini aphambili afana nezityalo zamandla, izityalo zentsimbi kunye namasimi eoyile ukuze aqalise ukuvelisa.
3. Uphuhliso lokubuyiselwa kweenkonzo zokwakha uqoqosho lwesizwe
Kwisicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu, urhulumente uchonge iiprojekthi zokwakha ezili-156 ezibalulekileyo, apho ukubuyiselwa kweYumen Oil Field kunye nemveliso yeAnshan Iron and Steel Company ziiprojekthi ezimbini ezinkulu. Ukuze kuqaliswe kwakhona imveliso eYumen Oilfield ngokukhawuleza, iOfisi yoLawulo lwePetroleum yeSebe leMicimbi yeFuel ilungiselele ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zoomatshini bepetroleum eShanghai. IShanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory kunye nezinye ziye zenza umsebenzi wokuvavanya ukuvelisa iqela leevalvu zentsimbi ezinoxinzelelo oluphakathi. Kucingeleka ukuba ubunzima beevalvu zentsimbi ezinoxinzelelo oluphakathi bunokuqikelelwa ziifektri ezincinci zesitayile seworkshop. Ezinye iintlobo zinokulingiswa kuphela ngokweesampuli ezibonelelwe ngabasebenzisi, kwaye izinto zokwenyani ziyahlolwa kwaye zidweliswe. Ekubeni umgangatho wee-castings zentsimbi wawunganelanga, umzimba wevalvu yentsimbi yokuqala kwakufuneka utshintshwe ube zii-forgings. Ngelo xesha, kwakungekho die yokubhola yokucubungula umngxuma otyhidiweyo womzimba wevalvu yehlabathi, ngoko ke yayinokugqojozwa ngesandla kuphela, ize ilungiswe ngumntu oyifakayo. Emva kokoyisa iingxaki ezininzi, ekugqibeleni saphumelela ekulingweni ukuvelisa iivalvu zesango lentsimbi ye-NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 kunye neevalvu zeglobe, ezamkelwa kakuhle ngabasebenzisi. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sowama-1952, iShanghai Yuanta, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iLianggong kunye nezinye iifektri zathatha umsebenzi wokuvelisa uvavanyo kunye nokuvelisa ngobuninzi iivalvu zentsimbi yepetroliyam. Ngelo xesha, kwasetyenziswa uyilo kunye nemigangatho yeSoviet, kwaye iingcali zafunda ngokwenza, kwaye zoyisa ubunzima obuninzi kwimveliso. Ukuveliswa kovavanyo lweevalvu zentsimbi yeShanghai kwaququzelelwa yiSebe lePetroleum, kwaye kwafumana nentsebenziswano yeefektri ezahlukeneyo eShanghai. I-Asia Factory (ngoku yiShanghai Machine Repair Factory) yanikezela ngee-castings zentsimbi ezihlangabezana neemfuno, kwaye iSifang Boiler Factory yanceda ekuqhumeni. Ekugqibeleni uvavanyo lwaphumelela ekulingweni ukuvelisa iprototype yevalvu yentsimbi yentsimbi ye-cast, kwaye ngoko nangoko yalungiselela imveliso ngobuninzi yaza yathunyelwa kwiYumen Oilfield ukuze isetyenziswe ngexesha. Kwangaxeshanye, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Works kunye neShanghai Daxin Iron Works nazo zabonelela.iivalvu ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsingezikhululo ezinkulu zamandla, i-Anshan Iron and Steel Company iza kuqalisa imveliso kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixeko.
Ngexesha lokubuyiselwa koqoqosho lwesizwe, ishishini leevalvu zelizwe lam liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1949, imveliso yeevalvu yayiyi-387t kuphela, eyathi yanda yaya kwi-1015t ngo-1952. Ngokwetekhnoloji, iye yakwazi ukuvelisa iivalvu zentsimbi ephothiweyo kunye neevalvu ezinkulu ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ezingaboneleli nje kuphela ngeevalvu ezifanayo zokubuyiselwa koqoqosho lwesizwe, kodwa zikwabeka isiseko esihle sophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lweshishini leevalvu laseTshayina.
02 Ishishini leevalvu laqala
Ngo-1953, ilizwe lam laqala isicwangciso salo sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu, kwaye amacandelo emizi-mveliso afana nepetroleum, imboni yeekhemikhali, i-metallurgy, umbane kunye namalahle konke oku kwakhawulezisa isantya sophuhliso. Ngeli xesha, isidingo seevalvu siyanda. Ngelo xesha, nangona kwakukho inani elikhulu leefektri ezincinci zabucala ezivelisa iivalvu, amandla azo obuchwephesha ayebuthathaka, izixhobo zazo zaziphelelwe lixesha, iifektri zazo zazilula, izikali zazo zazincinci kakhulu, kwaye zazisasazeke kakhulu. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zophuhliso olukhawulezileyo loqoqosho lwesizwe, uMphathiswa Wokuqala Weshishini Loomatshini (obizwa ngokuba yiSebe Lokuqala Loomatshini) uyaqhubeka nokulungelelanisa nokuguqula amashishini abucala okuqala kunye nokwandisa imveliso yeevalvu. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho izicwangciso kunye namanyathelo okwakha umqolo kunye neevalvu ezibalulekileyo. Ishishini, ishishini leevalvu lelizwe lam laqala ukuqala.
1. Ukulungiswa ngokutsha koshishino lweevalvu zesibini eShanghai
Emva kokusekwa kweNew China, iQela laqalisa umgaqo-nkqubo "wokusetyenziswa, ukuthintelwa kunye nokuguqulwa" kushishino kunye norhwebo lobungxowankulu.
Kwavela ukuba bekukho iifektri ezincinci zevalvu ezingama-60 okanye ezingama-70 eShanghai. Eyona fektri inkulu kwezi yayinabantu abangama-20 ukuya kuma-30 kuphela, kwaye eyona incinci yayinabantu abambalwa kuphela. Nangona ezi fektri zevalvu zivelisa iivalvu, ubuchwepheshe kunye nolawulo lwazo lusemva kakhulu, izixhobo kunye nezakhiwo zefektri zilula, kwaye iindlela zemveliso zilula. Ezinye zinezixhobo zomatshini ezilula zelathe enye okanye ezimbini kuphela, kwaye kukho izitofu ezisetyenziswayo zokubumba, uninzi lwazo ezisebenza ngesandla. , ngaphandle kwamandla oyilo kunye nezixhobo zokuvavanya. Le meko ayifanelekanga kwimveliso yanamhlanje, kwaye ayinakuhlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso ezicwangcisiweyo zikarhulumente, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukulawula umgangatho weemveliso zevalvu. Ngenxa yoku, uRhulumente wabantu baseShanghai useke intsebenziswano nabavelisi bevalvu eShanghai, kwaye waseka iiShanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 kunye namanye amashishini aphakathi. Ukudibanisa olu lawulo lungentla, olusekwe kwindawo enye ngokwetekhnoloji kunye nomgangatho, oludibanisa ngempumelelo ulawulo olusasazekileyo nolungenazintloni, ngaloo ndlela luvuselela kakhulu umdla wabasebenzi abaninzi ekwakheni ubuSoshalisti, olu luhlengahlengiso lokuqala olukhulu lweshishini leevalvu.
Emva kobudlelwane phakathi korhulumente nabucala ngo-1956, ishishini leevalvu eShanghai lenze utshintsho lwesibini kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemizi-mveliso kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye kwasekwa iinkampani zobungcali ezifana neShanghai Construction Hardware Company, iPetroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company kunye neGeneral Machinery Company. Le nkampani yeevalvu eyayinxulumene neshishini lezixhobo zokwakha iseke iYuanda, iRongfa, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iJinlong, iZhao Yongda, iTongxin, iFuchang, iWang Yingqi, iYunchang, iDehe, iJinfa, kunye neXie ngokwemimandla. Kukho iifektri eziphakathi ezimalunga nama-20 eDalian, eYuchang, eDeda, njl. Ifektri nganye ephakathi ineefektri ezininzi zesathelayithi phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Isebe leqela kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi edibeneyo yasekwa kwifektri ephakathi. Urhulumente wamisela abameli boluntu ukuba balawule umsebenzi wolawulo, kwaye ngokufanayo waseka imibutho yemveliso, ukubonelela, kunye nezoshishino zemali, kwaye kancinci kancinci wasebenzisa iindlela zolawulo ezifana neenkampani zikarhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, indawo yaseShenyang yadibanisa iifektri ezincinci ezingama-21 kwiChengfa.Ivalvu yeSangoIfektri. Ukususela ngoko, urhulumente uye wazisa imveliso yamashishini amancinci naphakathi kumzila wocwangciso lwesizwe ngokusebenzisa ii-arhente zolawulo kuwo onke amanqanaba, kwaye uye waceba waza walungiselela ukuveliswa kweevalvu. Olu lutshintsho kulawulo lwemveliso yamashishini evalvu ukusukela ekusekweni kweNew China.
2. IShenyang General Machinery Factory itshintshele kwimveliso yeevalvu
Ngexesha elifanayo nokuhlelwa ngokutsha kwabavelisi beevalvu eShanghai, iSebe lokuQala loMatshini lahlulahlula imveliso yeemveliso zefektri nganye enxulumene ngqo, kwaye lacacisa indlela yokuvelisa yobungcali yeefektri ezisebenzisana ngqo kunye neefektri ezinkulu zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni. IShenyang General Machinery Factory yaguqulwa yaba yinkampani yobungcali yokuvelisa iivalvu. Ishishini elandulelayo yayiyiofisi ye-bureaucratic capital enterprise mainland kunye nefektri ye-pseudo-industry yaseJapan iDechang. Emva kokusekwa kweNew China, le fektri ikakhulu yavelisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kunye neepayipi. Ngo-1953, yaqala ukuvelisa oomatshini bokusebenza ngomthi. Ngo-1954, xa yayiphantsi kolawulo lwe-First Bureau of the Machinery Ministry, yayinabasebenzi abayi-1,585 kunye neeseti ezili-147 zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye inomthamo wemveliso wentsimbi ephosiweyo, kwaye amandla obuchwephesha anamandla kakhulu. Ukususela ngo-1955, ukuze ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nophuhliso lwesicwangciso sesizwe, ngokucacileyo iye yatshintshela kwimveliso yeevalvu, yakha kwakhona iiworkshop zokuqala zokusebenza ngentsimbi, ukuhlanganisa, izixhobo, ukulungisa oomatshini kunye nokulungisa intsimbi, yakha iworkshop entsha yokubopha i-riveting kunye ne-welding, yaza yaseka ilebhu ephakathi kunye nesikhululo sokuqinisekisa i-metrological. Abanye oochwephesha bathunyelwa kwiShenyang Pump Factory. Ngo-1956, i-837t yeiivalvu zoxinzelelo oluphantsikwaveliswa, kwaza kwaqala ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kweevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi. Ngo-1959, kwaveliswa ii-valvu ezingama-4213t, kuquka i-1291t yeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi. Ngo-1962, yathiywa igama elitsha ngokuba yiShenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory yaza yaba yenye yezona nkampani zinkulu kwishishini leevalvu.
3. Incopho yokuqala yokuveliswa kweevalvu
Kwimihla yokuqala yokusekwa kweNew China, imveliso yeevalvu zelizwe lam yayisonjululwa kakhulu yintsebenziswano kunye neemfazwe. Ngexesha le-"Great Leap Forward", ishishini leevalvu zelizwe lam lafumana incopho yalo yokuqala yemveliso. Imveliso yeevalvu: 387t ngo-1949, 8126t ngo-1956, 49746t ngo-1959, 128.5 amaxesha kunango-1949, kunye 6.1 amaxesha kunango-1956 xa kwasekwa ubudlelwane phakathi kukarhulumente nabucala. Imveliso yeevalvu zoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi yaqala kade, kwaye imveliso yobuninzi yaqala ngo-1956, ngemveliso yonyaka ye-175t. Ngo-1959, imveliso yafikelela kwi-1799t, eyayiphindwe ka-10.3 amaxesha kunango-1956. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lolwakhiwo lwezoqoqosho lwesizwe lukhuthaze amanyathelo amakhulu kushishino lweevalvu. Ngo-1955, iShanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yaphumelela ekuzameni ukuvelisa ivalvu yomthi weKrismesi yeYumen Oilfield; IShanghai Yuanda, iZhongxin, iWeiye, iRongfa kunye nezinye iifektri zoomatshini, intsimbi eqingqiweyo eyenziwe ngovavanyo, iivalvu eziphakathi kunye nezoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kwiindawo zeoyile kunye nezityalo zezichumisi, iivalvu zesichumisi esinoxinzelelo oluphezulu sePN160 kunye nePN320; iShenyang General Machinery Factory kunye neSuzhou Iron Factory (eyandulela iSuzhou Valve Factory) zazama ngempumelelo ukuvelisa iivalvu ezinexinzelelo oluphezulu kwifektri yesichumisi yeJilin Chemical Industry Corporation; iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yazama ngempumelelo ukuvelisa ivalvu yesango lombane enobungakanani obuqhelekileyo beDN3000. Yayiyeyona valve inkulu kwaye inzima eTshayina ngelo xesha; iShenyang General Machinery Factory yazama ngempumelelo ukuvelisa iivalvu ezinexinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu ezinobungakanani obuqhelekileyo beDN3 ~ DN10 kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwePN1500 ~ PN2000 kwisixhobo sovavanyo oluphakathi lwepolyethylene enoxinzelelo oluphezulu; iShanghai Daxin Iron Factory eyenzelwe ishishini lesinyithi. Ivalvu yomoya oshushu obushushu obuphezulu enobungakanani obuqhelekileyo beDN600 kunye nevalvu yeflue yeDN900; I-Dalian Valve Factory, i-Wafangdian Valve Factory, njl. nazo zifikelele kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo. Ukwanda kohlobo kunye nobuninzi beevalvu kukhuthaze uphuhliso lweshishini leevalvu. Ingakumbi ngenxa yeemfuno zokwakha zeshishini le-"Great Leap Forward", iifektri zeevalvu ezincinci neziphakathi ziye zavela kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngo-1958, amashishini emveliso yeevalvu kazwelonke ayene-100, enza iqela elikhulu lemveliso yeevalvu. Ngo-1958, imveliso iyonke yeevalvu yenyuka yaya kwi-24,163t, ukwanda kwe-80% ngaphezu ko-1957; Ngeli xesha, imveliso yeevalvu yelizwe lam yafikelela kwincopho yayo yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwabavelisi beevalvu, kwazisa nothotho lweengxaki. Umzekelo: ukulandela kuphela ubungakanani, kungekhona umgangatho; "ukwenza izinto ezincinci nokwenza ezinkulu, zasekuhlaleni", ukungabikho kweemeko zobuchwepheshe; uyilo ngelixa usenza, ukungabikho kweengcamango ezisemgangathweni; ukukopa kunye nokukopa, okubangela ukudideka kobugcisa. Ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo yabo eyahlukileyo, nganye ineseti yeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isigama seevalvu asifani kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kunye noluhlu lobungakanani obuqhelekileyo azifani. Ezinye iifektri zibhekisa kwimigangatho yaseSoviet, ezinye zibhekisa kwimigangatho yaseJapan, kwaye ezinye zibhekisa kwimigangatho yaseMelika neyaseBritane. Ukudideka kakhulu. Ngokweentlobo ngeentlobo, iinkcukacha, ubungakanani bonxibelelwano, ubude besakhiwo, iimeko zovavanyo, imigangatho yovavanyo, amanqaku epeyinti, eyomzimba neyekhemikhali, kunye nomlinganiselo, njl. Iinkampani ezininzi zisebenzisa indlela yokufanisa enye "yokulinganisa inani lezihlalo", umgangatho awuqinisekiswanga, imveliso ayinyuki, kwaye iingenelo zoqoqosho aziphuculwanga. Imeko ngelo xesha "yayisasazekile, ixakekile, imbalwa, kwaye iphantsi", oko kukuthi, iifektri zeevalvu zisasazeke kuyo yonke indawo, inkqubo yolawulo oluxakekileyo, ukungabikho kwemigangatho yobugcisa edibeneyo kunye neenkcukacha, kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ophantsi. Ukuze kuguqulwe le meko, urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni ahlele abasebenzi abafanelekileyo ukuba benze uphando lwemveliso lukazwelonke malungaivalvuimboni.
4. Uphando lokuqala lwemveliso yeevalvu zesizwe
Ukuze kufunyaniswe imeko yokuveliswa kweevalvu, ngo-1958, iiOfisi zokuQala nezesiThathu zeSebe lokuQala loMatshini zaququzelela uphando lwesizwe lokuveliswa kweevalvu. Iqela lophando laya kwimimandla emi-4 nakwizixeko ezingama-24 kuMntla-mpuma weTshayina, kuMntla weTshayina, eMpuma yeTshayina nakwiMbindi yoMzantsi weTshayina ukuze lenze uphando olupheleleyo kwiifektri zeevalvu ezingama-90. Olu luphando lokuqala lwevalvu kuzwelonke ukusukela oko kwasekwa iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina. Ngelo xesha, uphando lugxile kubavelisi beevalvu abanomlinganiselo omkhulu kunye neentlobo kunye neenkcukacha ezininzi, ezifana neShenyang General Machinery Factory, iShenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, iSuzhou Iron Factory, kunye neDalian Valve. Ifektri, iBeijing Hardware Material Factory (eyandulela iBeijing Valve Factory), iWafangdian Valve Factory, iChongqing Valve Factory, abavelisi abaninzi beevalvu eShanghai naseShanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kunye neefektri ezi-6, njl.
Ngophando, iingxaki eziphambili ezikhoyo kwimveliso yeevalvu zifunyenwe ngokusisiseko:
1) Ukungabikho kocwangciso olupheleleyo kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa okufanelekileyo kwabasebenzi, okubangela imveliso ephindaphindayo kunye nokuchaphazela amandla emveliso.
2) Imigangatho yemveliso yevalvu ayifani, nto leyo ebangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekukhetheni nasekugcinweni komsebenzisi.
3) Isiseko somsebenzi wokulinganisa nokuhlola siphantsi kakhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa umgangatho weemveliso zeevalvu kunye nemveliso enkulu.
Ukuphendula ezi ngxaki zingasentla, iqela lophando libeke amanyathelo amathathu kumasebe nakwiiofisi, kuquka ukuqinisa ucwangciso olupheleleyo, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwemisebenzi okunengqiqo, kunye nokulungelelanisa ibhalansi yemveliso kunye nokuthengisa; ukuqinisa umgangatho kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlola ngokomzimba nangokweekhemikhali, ukuseka imigangatho yeevalvu ezidibeneyo; kunye nokwenza uphando lovavanyo. 1. Iinkokeli ze-3rd Bureau zibeke ukubaluleka okukhulu koku. Okokuqala, zigxile kumsebenzi womgangatho. Banike i-Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machinery ukuba iququzelele abavelisi beevalvu abafanelekileyo ukuba benze imigangatho yezixhobo zepayipi ezikhutshwe lisebe, ezaqaliswa kushishino ngo-1961. Ukuze kukhokelwe uyilo lweevalvu kumzi-mveliso ngamnye, iziko liqokelele kwaye liprinte "i-Valve Design Manual". Umgangatho wezixhobo zepayipi ezikhutshwe lisebe lisebe yibhetshi yokuqala yemigangatho yeevalvu kwilizwe lam, kwaye "i-Valve Design Manual" yidatha yokuqala yobugcisa yoyilo lweevalvu eqokelelwe sithi, edlale indima entle ekuphuculeni inqanaba loyilo lweemveliso zeevalvu kwilizwe lam. Ngolu phando lukazwelonke, isiseko sophuhliso lweshishini leevalvu zelizwe lam kwiminyaka eli-10 edlulileyo sifunyenwe, kwaye amanyathelo asebenzayo nasebenzayo athatyathiweyo ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukuxeliswa okungalawulekiyo kokuveliswa kweevalvu kunye nokungabikho kwemigangatho. Itekhnoloji yokuvelisa ithathe inyathelo elikhulu phambili kwaye yaqala ukungena kwinqanaba elitsha lokuziyila kunye nokulungiselela imveliso enkulu.
03 Isishwankathelo
Ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1959, ilizwe lamivalvuIshishini lakhawuleza labuyela kwimeko yalo embi yaseTshayina laza laqala; ukusuka ekulungiseni, ekuzenziseni ukuya ekuzenzeleni.dUyilo kunye nokuveliswa, ukususela ekuvelisweni kweevalvu ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya ekuvelisweni kweevalvu ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu noluphakathi, ekuqaleni kwasekwa ishishini lokuvelisa iivalvu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwesantya semveliso, kukwakho neengxaki ezithile. Ukususela oko yafakwa kwisicwangciso sikazwelonke, phantsi kolawulo oluphakathi lweSebe lokuQala loMshini, unobangela wengxaki ufunyenwe ngophando nophando, kwaye izisombululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo kunye namanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuveliswa kweevalvu ukuba kuhambelane nesantya sokwakhiwa koqoqosho lwesizwe, kunye nophuhliso lweshishini leevalvu. Kwaye ukusekwa kwemibutho yeshishini kubeke isiseko esihle.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-27-2022
